Poor People Lose: \u3ci\u3eGideon\u3c/i\u3e and the Critique of Rights

A low income person is more likely to be prosecuted and imprisoned post-Gideon than pre-Gideon. Poor people lose in American criminal justice not because they have ineffective lawyers but because they are selectively targeted by police, prosecutors, and law makers. The critique of rights suggests that rights are indeterminate and regressive. Gideon demonstrates this critique: it has not improved the situation of most poor people, and in some ways has worsened their plight. Gideon provides a degree of legitimacy for the status quo. Even full enforcement of Gideon would not significantly improve the loser status of low-income people in American criminal justice

Sub-Saturn Planet Candidates to HD 16141 and HD 46375

Precision Doppler measurements from the Keck/HIRES spectrometer reveal periodic Keplerian velocity variations in the stars HD 16141 and HD 46375. HD 16141 (G5 IV) has a period of 75.8 d and a velocity amplitude of 11 m/s, yielding a companion having Msini = 0.22 Mjup and a semimajor axis, a = 0.35 AU. HD 46375 (K1 IV/V) has a period of 3.024 d and a velocity amplitude of 35 m/s, yielding a companion with Msini=0.25 Mjup, a semimajor axis of a = 0.041 AU, and an eccentricity of 0.04 (consistent with zero). These companions contribute to the rising planet mass function toward lower masses.Comment: 4 Figure

Advances in Shock Compression of Mantle Materials and Implications

Hugoniots of lower mantle mineral compositions are sensitive to the conditions where they cross phase boundaries including both polymorphic phase transitions and partial to complete melting. For SiO_2, the Hugoniot of fused silica passes from stishovite to partial melt (73 GPa, 4600 K) whereas the Hugoniot of crystal quartz passes from CaCi_2 structure to partial melt (116 GPa, 4900 K). For Mg_2SiO_4, the forsterite Hugoniot passes from the periclase +MgSiO_3 (perovskite) assemblage to melt before 152 GPa and 4300 K, whereas the wadsleyite Hugoniot transforms first to periclase +MgSiO_3 (post-perovskite) and then melts at 151 GPa and 4160 K. Shock states achieved from crystal enstatite are molten above 160 GPa. High-pressure Grüneisen parameters for molten states of MgSiO_3 and Mg_2SiO_4 increase markedly with compression, going from 0.5 to 1.6 over the 0 to 135 GPa range. This gives rise to a very large (>2000 K) isentropic rise in temperature with depth in thermal models of a primordial deep magma ocean within the Earth. These magma ocean isentropes lead to models that have crystallization initiating at mid-lower mantle depths. Such models are consistent with the suggestion that the present ultra-low velocity zones, at the base of the lowermost mantle, represent a dynamically stable, partially molten remnant of the primordial magma ocean. The new shock melting data for silicates support a model of the primordial magma ocean that is concordant with the Berkeley-Caltech iron core model [1] for the temperature at the center of the Earth

Shock temperatures of preheated MgO

Shock temperature measurements via optical pyrometry are being conducted on single-crystal MgO preheated before compression to 1905–1924 K. Planar shocks were generated by impacting hot Mo(driver plate)-MgO targets with Mo or Ta flyers launched by the Caltech two-stage light-gas gun up to 6.6 km/s. Quasi-brightness temperature was measured with 2–3% uncertainty by a 6-channel optical pyrometer with 3 ns time resolution, over 500–900 nm spectral range. A high-power, coiled irradiance standard lamp was adopted for spectral radiance calibration accurate to 5%. In our experiments, shock pressure in MgO ranged from 102 to 203 GPa and the corresponding temperature varied from 3.78 to 6.53 kK. For the same particle velocity, preheated MgO Hugoniot has about 3% lower shock velocity than the room temperature Hugoniot. Although model shock temperatures calculated for the solid phase exceeded our measurements by ~5 times the uncertainty, there was no clear evidence of MgO melting, up to the highest compression achieved

Evidence for a role for the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor in the inhibitory effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on long-term potentiation

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to be elevated in several neuropathological states that are associated with learning and memory. We have previously demonstrated in our laboratory that the inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus region of the rat hippocampus, by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, represents a biphasic response, an early phase dependent on p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and a later phase, possible dependent on protein synthesis. Many of the factors involved in the early modulation of LTP by TNF-α have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated if metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are functionally linked to the inhibitory effect of TNF-α on LTP in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro. We report that the impairment of early-LTP by TNF-α is significantly attenuated by prior application of the group I/II mGluR antagonist MCPG and more specifically the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP. Since TNF-α is now known to cause transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels from ryanodine-sensitive stores, we explored the possibility that disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis could be involved. Ryanodine was found to significantly reverse the inhibition of LTP by TNF-α. From these studies we propose that the TNF-α inhibition of LTP is dependent upon the activation of TNFR1 and mGlu5-receptors. Importantly this study provides the first proof of the involvement of ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores in TNF-α mediated inhibition of LTP

High eccentricity planets from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search

We report Doppler measurements of the stars HD187085 and HD20782 which indicate two high eccentricity low-mass companions to the stars. We find HD187085 has a Jupiter-mass companion with a ~1000d orbit. Our formal `best fit' solution suggests an eccentricity of 0.47, however, it does not sample the periastron passage of the companion and we find that orbital solutions with eccentricities between 0.1 and 0.8 give only slightly poorer fits (based on RMS and chi^2) and are thus plausible. Observations made during periastron passage in 2007 June should allow for the reliable determination of the orbital eccentricity for the companion to HD187085. Our dataset for HD20782 does sample periastron and so the orbit for its companion can be more reliably determined. We find the companion to HD20782 has M sin i=1.77+/-0.22M_JUP, an orbital period of 595.86+/-0.03d and an orbit with an eccentricity of 0.92+/-0.03. The detection of such high-eccentricity (and relatively low velocity amplitude) exoplanets appears to be facilitated by the long-term precision of the Anglo-Australian Planet Search. Looking at exoplanet detections as a whole, we find that those with higher eccentricity seem to have relatively higher velocity amplitudes indicating higher mass planets and/or an observational bias against the detection of high eccentricity systems.Comment: to appear in MNRA

Dentin sialoprotein, dentin phosphoprotein, enamelysin and ameloblastin, tooth- specific molecules that are distinctively expressed during murine dental differentiation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73260/1/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106510.x.pd

Search for nearby Earth analogs I. 15 planet candidates found in PFS data

30 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJSThe radial velocity (RV) method plays a major role in the discovery of nearby exoplanets. To efficiently find planet candidates from the data obtained in high-precision RV surveys, we apply a signal diagnostic framework to detect RV signals that are statistically significant, consistent in time, robust in the choice of noise models, and do not correlated with stellar activity. Based on the application of this approach to the survey data of the Planet Finder Spectrograph, we report 15 planet candidates located in 14 stellar systems. We find that the orbits of the planet candidates around HD 210193, 103949, 8326, and 71135 are consistent with temperate zones around these stars (where liquid water could exist on the surface). With periods of 7.76 and 15.14 days, respectively, the planet candidates around star HIP 54373 form a 1:2 resonance system. These discoveries demonstrate the feasibility of automated detection of exoplanets from large RV surveys, which may provide a complete sample of nearby Earth analogs.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio